Explain the use of megohmmeters to measure the value of insulation resistance

In electrical equipment, normal operation and safety of use are increasingly attracting people's attention. One of the factors that affect the normal operation and safety of use is the degree of insulation of the insulating material, that is, the value of the insulation resistance. When exposed to heat and moisture, the insulation material deteriorates and the insulation resistance decreases. As a result, electrical equipment leakage or short circuit accidents occur. In order to avoid accidents, it is required to constantly measure the insulation resistance of various electrical equipment to determine whether the degree of insulation meets the needs of the equipment. Ordinary resistance measurement is usually measured under low voltage and high voltage measurements in two ways. The insulation resistance is generally high (usually in the megaohm range), and the measured value at low voltage cannot reflect the true insulation resistance value under high voltage conditions. Megohmmeter, also called insulation resistance meter, is the most commonly used instrument for measuring insulation resistance. When measuring the insulation resistance, it is a high voltage power supply, unlike other resistance measuring instruments. Megaohmmeters are convenient and reliable for measuring insulation resistance. But if used improperly, it will bring unnecessary errors to the measurement. We must use megohmmeters correctly to measure the insulation resistance.

1. The working principle of Megohmmeter is as shown below.

1,2--moving ring; R1, R2-- additional resistors; Rx--insulated resistance measured; F-- dynamics of hand-actuated generator 2 connected in series with the positive terminal of the hand-cranked generator through the current limiting resistor The insulation resistance RX is connected between the "line" and "ground" of the megohmmeter, and is connected in series with the moving coil 1 and the generator. The dotted line outside the "wire" terminal is the guard ring, which is connected to the negative terminal of the hand-cranked generator and acts as a shield.

When Rx is measured, I1 changes as Rx changes, and I2 does not change substantially. The moving coil 2 is mainly used to generate a reaction torque, and this force rejection basically remains unchanged. When Rx→0, I1 is the largest, and the pointer of the Megohmmeter is deflected to the maximum position under the action of the rotational force rejection and the reaction torque, that is, the "0" position. When Rx → ∞, I1 → 0, the pointer is deflected to the minimum position under the action of the reaction torque, ie, the “∞” position, so the megohmmeter can measure the resistance between 0 and ∞.

When a megohm meter is working, it generates a high voltage, and the measuring object is an electrical device. Therefore, it must be used correctly, otherwise it will cause an accident to the person or equipment. Before using the Megohmmeter, we must first make the following preparations:

(1) Before the measurement, the power of the device under test must be cut off, and the device should be short-circuited to the ground. Never allow the device to be charged for measurement to ensure personal and equipment safety.

(2) For equipment that may induce high voltages, this possibility must be eliminated before measurements can be made.

(3) The surface of the measured object should be cleaned to reduce the contact resistance and ensure the correctness of the measurement results.

(4) Before the measurement, it is necessary to check whether the megohmmeter is in a normal working state, and mainly check the positions of "0" and "∞". That is shaking the hand crank generator, so that the motor reaches the rated speed. When the megohmmeter is short-circuited, the pointer should be in the "0" position; when it is open, the pointer should be in the "∞" position.

(5) The Megohmmeter shall be placed in a stable, firm place and away from large external current conductors and external magnetic fields.

2. After doing the above preparations, you can take measurements. When measuring, pay attention to the correct wiring of the megohmmeter, otherwise it will cause unnecessary errors or even errors. There are three terminals for megohmmeters; three "L" are line terminals, one "E" is ground terminal, and one "G" is shield terminal (also called guard ring). Generally, the measured insulation resistance is connected between the "L" and "E" terminals. However, when the leakage of the tested insulator surface is severe, the shielding ring or the part not to be measured of the measured object must be connected to the "G" terminal. Join. In this way, the leakage current flows directly back to the generator's thyristor through the shielded terminal "G" and forms a loop instead of flowing through the megohmmeter's measuring mechanism (moving coil). This fundamentally eliminates the effects of surface leakage currents. It is important to note that when measuring the insulation resistance between the cable core and the exterior, be sure to connect the shield short button "G". Because when the air humidity or the cable insulation surface is not clean, the leakage current on the surface will be very large. In order to prevent the measured object from affecting its internal insulation measurement due to leakage current, a metal shield ring is generally made on the outside of the cable to connect it to the “G” terminal of the Megohmmeter.

3. When measuring the insulation resistance of electrical equipment with a megohmmeter, it should be noted that the "L" and "E" terminals cannot be reversed. The correct connection method is to connect the "L" terminal to the conductor of the device under test, the "E" terminal or the device housing connected to ground, and the "G" shield to terminate the insulation of the device under test. If "L" and "E" are reversed, the leakage current flowing through the insulator and the surface is collected by the housing and the ground flows through the "L" to the measuring coil, causing the "G" end to lose its shielding effect. Bring a big error. In addition, because the degree of insulation between the “E” terminal and the inner lead is lower than the degree of insulation between the “L” terminal and the case, when the megohmmeter is used on the ground and the correct connection mode is used, the “E” terminal is connected to the meter case. The insulation resistance of the shell and the ground is equivalent to a short circuit and will not cause measurement errors. When "L" and "E" are reversed, the insulation resistance of "E" to ground is connected in parallel with the measured insulation resistance, which results in a small measurement result and brings about a large error in measurement.

From this, it can be seen that in order to accurately measure the insulation resistance of electrical equipment and the like, the megohmmeter must be used correctly, otherwise the measurement accuracy and reliability will be lost.

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