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Progress in visualized detection and toxicity assessment of heavy metal ions in physics and chemistry
In recent years, the study of heavy metal ions has gained significant attention due to their potential harm to human health. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium can strongly bind with proteins and enzymes in the body, causing them to lose activity and potentially leading to chronic poisoning. These metals can also accumulate in specific organs, making their detection and toxicity assessment crucial for public health and environmental monitoring.
Traditional methods for detecting heavy metal ions often rely on large, expensive instruments that are not suitable for on-site or rapid analysis. This limitation has driven researchers to develop more convenient and portable detection techniques. Recently, a research team from the Micro-Nano Materials and Technology Research Center at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, made a breakthrough by designing a super-wetting paper chip for visual detection of heavy metal ions.
The innovative paper chip was fabricated using an inkjet printing method. First, a high-precision super-wetting pattern was created, and then probe molecules were printed onto the pattern to form the detection chip. During testing, the chip simply needs to be placed in a water sample, and the presence of heavy metal ions can be visually identified through color changes. This method is not only fast and simple but also cost-effective, making it ideal for field applications.
In addition to visual detection, the researchers developed a method to assess the toxicity of heavy metal ions using biological enzymes. Since heavy metals significantly inhibit enzyme activity, the researchers used enzymatic color reactions to evaluate the overall toxicity of the sample. To enhance the stability and shelf life of the enzymes, they were encapsulated within a hydrogel matrix, which also simplified the detection process.
These advancements represent a major step forward in the development of portable and user-friendly heavy metal ion detection kits. The research findings were published in the journal *ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces* (2018, 10, 11343–11349; 2018, 10, 26705–26712). He Junhui, a researcher at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, is the corresponding author, while Zhang Yue, an assistant researcher, is the first author. The project received strong support from the National Key Research and Development Program (2017YFA0207102) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21571182).
This study highlights the growing importance of developing simple, effective, and accessible tools for environmental and health monitoring, especially in areas where traditional laboratory equipment is not available. With further development, these paper-based detection systems could become essential tools in water quality testing and public health protection.