Since the beginning of this year, the price of chemical fertilizers has risen sharply. The cost of fertilizers used by farmers has increased significantly. This has seriously affected the enthusiasm of farmers in investing in fertilizers. It has provided guidance for farmers to apply “scientific, economic, and environmental protection†fertilization to ensure stable grain production and effective supply of agricultural products. The Expert Group of Soil Formula Fertilization Technology used the results of soil testing and formulating fertilization around the country to formulate the "Guidance on Scientific Fertilization in Autumn and Winter 2008". The general requirements are: Agricultural departments at all levels must strengthen scientific fertilization guidance, and formulate guidelines for scientific fertilization in autumn and winter in this region according to local conditions; recommend economical and reasonable amount of fertilizer, optimize fertilization period, adopt scientific fertilization methods, and effectively increase fertilizer utilization; guide farmers to choose Appropriate fertilizer varieties, reduce the cost of fertilizer input; encourage farmers to improve the structure of fertilization, increase organic fertilizer, and promote the return of straw. I. Guidance on Scientific Fertilization of Winter Wheat in North China Plain (I) Problems The use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is generally high, and the efficiency of fertilizer production decreases. Insufficient application of organic fertilizer, lack of trace elements such as zinc. (two) the principle of fertilization 1, according to the level of soil fertility, appropriate reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers; 2. Increase the application of organic fertilizers, implement corn stalks return to field, and promote organic fertilizers in combination with inorganic fertilizers; 3, nitrogen fertilizer application in stages, appropriate increase in the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer in the late fertility; 4, according to the status of soil potassium, efficient application of potassium fertilizer; pay attention to zinc and other trace elements with the application; 5, fertilizer application should be combined with high yield and quality cultivation techniques. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1, under the conditions of more than 600 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 8-10 kg / mu; 2. Under conditions of 500-600 kilograms per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-8 kg/mu; 3, under the conditions of 400-500 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-12 kg / acre, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg / acre, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0-5 kg ​​/ acre; 4. Under the conditions of 400 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-10 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0-5 kg/mu. Fertilizer Operations: If basal fertilizer is applied to organic fertilizers, the amount of chemical fertilizers may be reduced as appropriate. For zinc-deficient soils, zinc sulfate can be applied to 1-2 kg/mu. One third of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and two-thirds of it is used as top dressing at the jointing stage. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are all used as base fertilizers. When the yield per unit area is below 400 kg/mu, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer and top dressing can be half. Dryland wheat can appropriately increase the proportion of basal fertilizer, and the scientific fertilization guidance schemes are formulated and issued in various localities. II. Guidance on Scientific Fertilization of Winter Wheat in the Yangtze River Valley (I) Problems Organic fertilizers are used in small quantities, excessive nitrogen application is common and the proportion of application in the early stage is too large, and trace elements are lacking. (two) the principle of fertilization 1. Increase the application of organic fertilizer, implement straw return, organic and inorganic combination; 2. Appropriately reduce the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing, and reduce the amount of base fertilizer; 3. Phosphorus-deficient soils should be appropriately increased with phosphate fertilizers or stabilized with phosphate fertilizers, and phosphorus-rich soils can be appropriately used to reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizers. 4. It is preferable to choose medium and low-concentration fertilizer varieties. Phosphorus fertilizers can choose calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers and superphosphate. Potassium fertilizers can choose potassium chloride. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1. Under the conditions of more than 400 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12-14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-6 kg/mu; 2, under the conditions of 300-400 kilograms per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10-13 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-5 kg ​​/ mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3-5 kg ​​/ mu; 3. Under conditions of 200-300 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-11 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0-5 kg/mu. Fertilizer management: 50% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and 50% as top dressing; phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are all used as base fertilizer. Weak gluten wheat should increase the proportion of base fertilizer. In zinc-deficient and manganese-deficient areas, 1 kg of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate is applied per acre, and molybdenum-deficient fields are used for seed dressing. Applying organic manure or planting green manure overturned plots can reduce the amount of basal fertilizers properly; the amount of potash fertilizer can be appropriately reduced when the crops are returned to the field every year. III. Guiding Opinions on Scientific Fertilization of Winter Wheat in Dryland in Northwest China (I) Problems Low input of nutrients, insufficient application of organic fertilizer, and decreased efficiency of fertilizer production. (two) the principle of fertilization 1. Determine basal fertilizer according to soil water storage conditions; 2, increase the application of organic fertilizer, promote organic and inorganic application; 3. Fertilizer is mainly based on basal fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing; 4. Fertilizer application should be combined with high-yield water-saving cultivation techniques. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1, high fertility soil, per mu over 300 kg conditions: farmyard fertilizer 2-3 square / acre, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-10 kg / acre, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg / acre; 2, in the soil fertility, per mu yield 200-300 kg conditions: farmyard fertilizer 2-3 square / acre, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 7-8 kg / acre, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-6 kg / acre; 3, low fertility soil, yield 200 kg under the following conditions: farmyard fertilizer 2-3 square / acre, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 5-7 kg / acre, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-7 kg / acre. Fertilizers: Organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer at one time, 70-80% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and 20-30% is used as top dressing. The scientific fertilization guidelines for winter wheat in irrigated land were formulated and issued in accordance with local conditions. IV. Guidance on Scientific Fertilization of Winter Rape in the Yangtze River Valley (I) Problems Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were generally used at a low level, the nutrient ratio was inconsistent, the organic fertilizer was insufficiently used, the rate of returning straw was low, and boron and other trace elements were lacking. (two) the principle of fertilization 1. Increase the use of organic fertilizers, promote the return of straw, and organic fertilizers; 2. According to the available boron status of the soil, supplement the boron fertilizer; 3. Appropriately reduce the nitrogenous fertilizer application rate and increase the proportion of the donkey-fertilizer; 4. The combination of fertilizer application and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. (B) Fertilization Suggestions 1. Under conditions of more than 200 kilograms per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 11-13 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 7-9 kg/mu, borax 1 kg/mu; 2, under the conditions of 100-200 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8-10 kg / acre, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-5 kg ​​/ acre, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 5-7 kg / acre, borax 0.75 kg / acre; 3, under the conditions of 100 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 5-7 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0-4 kg / mu, borax 0.5 kg / mu. Fertilizer management: 50% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 20-30% as wintering seedling fertilizer, and 20-30% as manure fertilizer. The manure fertilizer in the three-maize system should be moved forward; Potash 60% is used as base fertilizer, 40 % for manure; phosphate fertilizer and boron fertilizer as base fertilizer. If the basal fertilizer is applied to farmyard fertilizer, the base fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate. V. Guidance of Scientific Fertilization for Potatoes in Autumn and Winter in South China (I) Problems Organic fertilizer and potash fertilizer are insufficient. (two) the principle of fertilization 1. Optimize the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer according to the level of soil fertility; 2, increase the application of organic fertilizer, promote organic and inorganic application; 3, according to the soil potassium status, appropriate potassium fertilizer; 4, fertilizer application should be combined with high yield and quality cultivation techniques. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1, under the conditions of more than 3,000 kilograms per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 11-13 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-6 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 14-17 kg / mu; 2, under the conditions of 2000-3000 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 9-11 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-5 kg ​​/ mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 12-14 kg / mu; 3, under the conditions of 1500-2000 kg per mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 7-9 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3-4 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 9-12 kg / mu; 4. Under the conditions of 1500 kg/mu per mu: Nitrogen (N) 6-7 kg/mu, Phosphorus (P2O5) 3-4 kg/mu, Potassium (K2O) 7-8 kg/mu. Fertilizer management: 70% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and 30% is used as top-dressing fertilizer; phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are all used as base fertilizer. Mushi 2-3 square organic fertilizer is used as base fertilizer. For boron- or zinc-deficient soils, borax 1 kg/mu or zinc sulfate 1-2 kg/mu can be applied. Six, apple scientific fertilization guidance (I) Problems 1. Fruit farmers in some regions are accustomed to basal fertilization in the spring, and they do not know enough about autumn basal fertilizers; 2. Most of the organic orchard inputs are insufficient, resulting in a low content of organic matter in the soil and insufficient water and fertilizer retention capacity; 3. The intensive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in orchards is generally excessive; 4, the lack of calcium, magnesium, zinc and boron in the trace elements; 5. Orchard soil acidification is widespread in the Bohai Bay area. (two) the principle of fertilization 1. Adding organic fertilizer to control the total amount of annual N and P fertilizer application; 2. Pay attention to the application of autumn basal fertilizer, and appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase potassium fertilizer in fruit enlargement period; 3, the emergence of soil acidification of orchards can be an appropriate amount of lime; 4, combined with high yield and high quality cultivation techniques. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1. Orchard with an output of more than 4500kg per mu: organic fertilizer 3-5 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-30 kg/mu ; 2, 3500-4500 kg per mu orchard: organic fertilizer 3-5 square / mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg / mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg / mu; 3. Orchards below 3,500 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 3-5 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 6-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg/mu . Fertilizer management: Before and after fruit picking is the key period for applying basal fertilizer. The application period is best from mid-September to mid-October. Late-maturing varieties can be quickly applied after harvesting. For Wangshu, 50% of nitrogen fertilizer was used for autumn basal fertilizer application, and the rest were applied during flower bud differentiation and in mid-June in March. For weak trees, 30% of nitrogen fertilizer was used for autumn basal fertilizer, 50% was applied during flowering in March, and the rest Applied in mid-June. 70% of the phosphate fertilizer was applied in the fall, and the rest of the phosphate fertilizer could be applied in the spring and mid-June; 40% of the potassium fertilizer was used as the fall basal fertilizer, 20% was in the flowering stage, and 40% was applied in the fruit enlargement period. Soil zinc or boron in the orchard, applying 1-1.5 kg of zinc sulfate and 0.5-1.0 kg of borax per acre. Mix with organic fertilizer and apply it in autumn. Seven citrus citrus fertilization guidance (I) Problems The amount of organic fertilizer input is insufficient, soil acidification is serious, the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is quite different, the ratio and timing of fertilizer application are unreasonable, and trace elements are generally lacking. (two) the principle of fertilization 1, pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer, vigorously develop orchard green manure; 2, the appropriate amount of lime, soil improvement; 3. Optimize the reasonable application amount and time of NPK fertilizers, and pay attention to the application of fruit fertilizers in autumn; 4, appropriate to supplement the trace elements. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1. Orchard with more than 3,000 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2-4 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-30 kg/mu ; 2. 1500-3000 kilograms of orchards per mu: organic fertilizer 2-4 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg/ mu; 3. Orchards below 1500 kg per mu: organic fertilizer 2-4 square meters/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg/mu . Fertilizer management: fertilization in autumn and winter (fruit harvesting): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40% to 50% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, and all organic fertilizer are applied before and after fruit picking in 11 to 12 months; (Fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, and 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer are applied before flowering in February and March; summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer , 20% to 30% of phosphate fertilizer, 40% to 50% of potassium fertilizer is applied from June to July. Phosphate fertilizers prefer calcium magnesium phosphate or superphosphate. Boron or zinc-depleted orchards use 0.5-0.75 kg of borax and 1-1.5 kg of zinc sulfate per acre. After mixing with organic fertilizers, they are used in the fall. In the orchards with pH <5.5, 60-80 kg of lime or dolomite are used per acre. , 50% in autumn and 50% in summer. VIII. Guidance on Scientific Fertilization for Chinese Cabbage in Open Field (I) Problems Partial application of nitrogen fertilizer is a serious phenomenon, not only lead to loss of nitrogen fertilizer, but also affect the absorption of calcium caused by the quality of the decline; different fields of organic fertilizer application varies greatly. (two) the principle of fertilization 1, re-applied organic fertilizer, fertility; 2. A reasonable mix of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and appropriate supplements of trace elements; 3. Strengthen top dressing management after the rosette period. (3) Fertilization Suggestions The Chinese cabbage in autumn is mainly distributed in the Three North Regions of China. Before sowing cabbage, according to the degree of soil fertility, 2-3 square-ton organic fertilizer is applied per mu. Under the condition of 5,000 kilograms of pure vegetables, it is recommended to apply nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 25-30 kg/mu. According to the level of the production level, the amount of slimming material can be appropriately increased. Fertilizers: Phosphorus fertilizers are all used as base fertilizers, 30% nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 70% are applied as top dressings, 50% potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and 50% is top dressing. Nitrogen and potassium topdressing can be applied 2-3 times after the rosette period. IX. Guiding Opinions on Scientific Fertilization of Vegetables in Autumn and Winter in Sunlight Greenhouse (I) Problems The main problems of fertilization are: widespread over-application of fertilizers, unreasonable proportion of fertilization, excessive nutrient loss caused by excessive irrigation. . (two) the principle of fertilization 1. Based on the level of soil fertility, consider comprehensively the supply of environmental nutrients, and appropriately reduce the amount of NPK fertilizer; 2. The old vegetable shed should pay attention to straw composting, and less manure; 3, early growth should not be frequently top-dressing, pay attention to the middle and late fertilizer; 4. Use reasonable irrigation technology to achieve water and fertilizer integration. (3) Fertilization Suggestions 1. Cucumbers: Under the conditions of 2000-2500 kilograms per mu, apply 2-3 ounces of organic fertilizer per acre, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-25 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-10 kg/mu; potash fertilizer (K2O) 15 - 20 kg/mu. All organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers were used as base fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers were used as base fertilizers at 30%, 70% were applied at the beginning of the fruiting period to the stage of fruiting melon; potassium fertilizer was used as the base fertilizer at 50%, and 50% were collected from the early stage of fruiting to the fruiting period. Shi. 2. Tomato: Under the condition of 3500-4000 kg per mu, apply organic fertilizer 2-3 squares per acre, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7-10 kg/mu; potash fertilizer (K2O) 18 - 24 kg/mu. All organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers were used as base fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base fertilizer at 30%, 70% was applied at intervals after the 1-2 earliest fruit, potassium fertilizer was applied at 50%, and 50% was combined with nitrogen fertilizer after the 1-2 ear fruit. The next topdressing. 3. Celery: Under the condition of 4,000 kg/mu, apply 2-3 ounces of organic fertilizer per acre, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5-8 kg/mu; potash fertilizer (K2O) 10-15 Kilograms/acre. Organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer were used as base fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base fertilizer at 30% and topdressing as 70%. Potash fertilizer was used as the base fertilizer at 50% and topdressing at 50%.
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2008 autumn and winter scientific fertilization guidance