Basic principles and conditions for safe storage of seeds
First, the basic principle of seed storage
Like all living organisms, seeds are closely connected with the environment through metabolic processes. To sustain life, they rely on respiration as a key metabolic activity. During storage, the main metabolic process in seeds is respiration, which involves gas exchange, energy production, and moisture regulation, influenced by environmental factors such as air, temperature, and humidity. Controlling this respiration is essential to reduce the loss of stored nutrients and maintain strong seed viability, which is crucial for safe and long-term storage.
There are two types of seed respiration: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs when there is sufficient oxygen, allowing seeds to break down their stored nutrients, producing carbon dioxide, water, and heat. When this process is active, it leads to greater consumption of stored materials and can cause heat accumulation in the seed pile, creating unfavorable conditions for storage. On the other hand, when oxygen levels are low, seeds switch to anaerobic respiration, resulting in the production of ethanol (alcohol), carbon dioxide, and a small amount of heat. This type of respiration can quickly damage the seeds, reducing their germination potential. Therefore, managing seed respiration is vital for effective storage.
The rate of seed respiration is influenced by several factors, including the moisture content of the seeds, ambient temperature, and the composition of the surrounding air. Among these, moisture and temperature are the most significant factors that affect seed metabolism.
1. Seed Moisture: Seeds that are fully dried have very low respiration rates. As they absorb moisture, their respiration increases. The more water present, the stronger the respiration becomes, and there is a critical turning point where the risk of spoilage significantly rises. This turning point, known as the "safe moisture level," is crucial in seed storage. Below this level, seeds can be safely stored, but once the moisture exceeds this threshold, the seeds may heat up and become prone to mold. The safe moisture level varies depending on environmental conditions, especially temperature.
2. Seed Temperature: As the temperature increases, so does the intensity of seed respiration. Keeping seeds at lower temperatures is an effective way to slow this process. The safe moisture level is also affected by temperature, as the combined effects of moisture and temperature influence respiration. Studies show that as temperature rises, the respiration rate increases, especially in seeds with higher moisture content. For example, in colder regions like northern areas, cereals with a moisture content of 20% can be safely stored during winter. However, in warmer seasons, the safe moisture level must be reduced to between 13% and 15% to prevent spoilage.
Seed respiration is the primary physiological process during storage. Whether or not it can be effectively controlled determines the success of the storage process. In addition to moisture and temperature, other factors such as air composition, seed quality (such as maturity and clarity), and microbial presence also play a role. In practice, maintaining dry, cool, and clean conditions is essential for successful seed storage.
Second, the basic conditions for safe seed storage
1. Seed Cleaning and Drying
Seed sorting is an important step after harvest. Threshing and cleaning the seeds helps improve their clarity and uniformity. Drying the seeds is a complex physical process. Sun drying uses sunlight and atmospheric conditions to remove excess moisture from the seeds. The effectiveness of drying increases with higher temperatures, lower humidity, and good air circulation. When drying on a cement surface, it's important to turn the seeds regularly and maintain an even layer to preserve their viability.
2. Requirements for the Seed Storage Facility
The storage warehouse should have good moisture-proof and insulation properties, and it should allow for proper ventilation and airtightness as needed, making it easier to manage the stored seeds.
3. Strengthening Management During Storage
It's essential to understand the changes in seed temperature and humidity during storage. Monitoring the three key temperatures (ambient, seed, and internal) and two humidity levels (air and seed moisture) allows for timely interventions to ensure safe storage. A management system should be established, with regular checks on seed temperature, moisture content, germination rate, and pest status. Seed temperature should be checked every 3 to 5 days, while moisture content should be monitored every 15 to 30 days. Germination tests should be conducted at the time of storage and periodically thereafter. Pest activity should be inspected at any time. Seeds must be stored according to species, grade, origin, batch, and year to avoid misidentification and ensure accurate handling. (Valley Cui)
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