According to the results of the mine environmental impact assessment, combined with the mine development and utilization plan and development process, the restoration and protection of the landscape pattern caused by mining in Jinggezhuang Mine will be restored. According to the ground stability, the following landscape restoration sequence is adopted.
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Jinggezhuang Mine Closure and Landscape Reconstruction
China's nearly 400 mines and 50 mining cities are facing serious threats due to the lack of reserve resources for development. Some of the main mines have been closed or are about to close; some resource industries are in a state of decline. Negative externalities such as abandoned land and abandoned factories and mines caused by the closure of mines are passed on to local governments, which not only poses hidden dangers to environmental safety and human settlements, but also affects the sustainable development of the region. Taking the Jinggezhuang Mine in Kailuan Mining Area of ​​Tangshan City as an example, this paper analyzes the landscape reconstruction plan of the closed area of ​​the urban and rural areas by field investigation and closure planning design, sums up the landscape reconstruction technology, and provides reasonable rationality for the landscape reconstruction of the mine closure. Suggest.
I. Overview of Jinggezhuang Mine
Jinggezhuang Mine is located in the vicinity of Jingjingzhuang Village in Liyuan Town (Fig. 1). The geographical coordinates of the center of the mining area are: 118°13′04′′～118°15′41′′ east longitude, 39°43′18′′～39° north latitude 45'08", 18km from the city center. It is 6km away from Majiagou Mining Company in the south, with a steep river in the middle and 3.5km away from the Douhe Power Plant in the north. Datong-Qinhuangdao railway and mining area south of State Road 102 10km, north of Jingshan railway and 205 national road 7km, company-owned special railway lines direct access Douhe power plant, south of Jingshan line phase, from Qinhuangdao, Tanggu, Jingtang Port was 100km Land transportation, motor transportation and shipping are very convenient.
The mine was built in 1958 and officially put into operation in 1979. The designed production capacity is 120×10 4 t/a. After technical transformation, the approved production capacity in 1997 was 170 × 10 4 t/a, and the approved production capacity in 2005 was 201 × 10 4 t/a.
2. Mine closure and landscape reconstruction
At present, the geological reserves of Jinggezhuang Mine are 8 206.9 × 10 4 t, of which the recoverable reserves are 4386.9×10 4 t, the available reserves are only 864.0×10 4 t, the mine design service life is 55.5 a, and the service is still 10a. The mine will be closed after 2013.
(1) Mine closure and landscape pattern prediction
A method of mining ore Jinggezhuang multilevel vertical shaft, subincilined Deepening wherein 11,12-1,12-2 other three layers of coal mining longwall mining method to method; 9 bottom seam mining method constant Stratified up-going coal mining method. There are 3 levels in the mine, which are divided into 10 mining areas. Due to the steepness of the westward slope of the minefield, the eastward slowness, the steep edge, and the slow central asymmetry, the nature and distribution of the fault structure in the minefield are caused. The degree of development has a large difference. After closure, it will form two large subsidence areas in the southeast and northwest, with the largest in the southeast subsidence area and the largest water accumulation depth, which will become the permanent water accumulation area (Fig. 2).
1. Surface subsidence and stagnant water. Since the Jinggezhuang Mine is a multi-coal mining and the coal seam is a medium and thick coal seam, the roof management of the coal mining production adopts a free-falling type. Therefore, the long-term coal mining causes the large surface subsidence of the Jinggezhuang mine field to collapse. The area and the affected area are about 7.39 km 2 , the maximum surface subsidence is 7-10 m, and 7 large areas of perennial water collapse pits are formed on the surface of the surface. The accumulated water area is 110.15 hm 2 , and the target area is farmland. The planting function has been completely lost; in the southern water collapse pit, when the water level in the pit rises, it is easy to rush out of the collapse pit and flood the thatched camp village and its cultivated land. The fertile farmland on the ground produces perennial or seasonal due to surface subsidence. The accumulation of water has caused flooding of farmland in the perennial waters, and the production of seasonal waterlogged farmland has been reduced and salinization has occurred to varying degrees. At the same time, farmland water conservancy facilities and village buildings (structures) have been damaged to varying degrees. It has seriously affected the production and life of farmers in the mining area.
According to the Jinggezhuang mining plan, the recovery will be basically completed in 2011. The impact of coal mining subsidence will be reduced severely, and the impact and spread area will be limited. The impact of future mining subsidence and the affected area is 4.44km 2 . The maximum depth of mining in the future is 575 m. According to the “three-mining coal mining regulationsâ€, the surface stability time is about 3.94 a, that is, the surface of the area is basically stable in 2016.
After the completion of all mining in Jinggezhuang Mine, the impact of coal mining subsidence and the total area affected is 8.30 km2, the maximum depth of subsidence is 7-10 m, the surface deformation is strong, and a large area of ​​water subsidence pit is formed on the local surface. Villages, land and various types The municipal infrastructure was damaged to varying degrees. The coal mining subsidence in Jinggezhuang Mine was 1.47km 2 for the mine environment, 2.86 km 2 for the more severe area and 3.97 km 2 for the lighter area.
2, research stone emissions. The industrial solid waste generated by Jinggezhuang Mining Branch is mainly researching stone, mainly ground-mounting mountain discharge. The coal-study stone in this area belongs to general industrial solid waste, and its impact on the environment mainly affects the landscape and occupied land. , additional coal gangue in air storage process, after leaching by rain, Advantech stone coal promoting activity of harmful heavy metals, and partially dissolved with the formation of precipitation into water runoff be contaminated. Therefore, the long-term mountain dumping of the research stone seriously affects the quality of the ecological environment.
3. Industrial wastewater. The mine in Jingjingzhuang Mining Branch has a water inflow capacity of 2.52×10 4 m 3 /d, all of which are mixed water. At present, it is combined with the production water of coal washing plant and underground coal mining to form an open circulation system. After the production cycle, the primary sedimentation treatment is completed. After reaching the standard, it will be discharged to the steep river.
(II) Closed mine landscape restoration planning
According to the purpose and scope of the ecological restoration of the closed mine, the mining area is divided into the key landscape management type (shuishui, waste rock, fish pond), landscape sub-governance type (gravel), general landscape management type (cultivated land, vegetable land, woodland) ), landscape restoration type (roads, villages, industrial and mining) and other four landscape restoration types (Figure 3).
1. Restoration and governance of the landscape in the stable area. The east subsidence water area and the decommissioned coal research stone pile in the mining area railway are basically the basic stable area of ​​the coal mining subsidence stable area, and the mining park is built around the subsidence water area, and the stone accumulation area and After the water subsidence has been rehabilitated, it has become a water park with pavilions, landscapes and trees, and the abandoned land of the mine has been built into a collection of leisure, amusement, ornamental and fishing, and the landscape has a diverse Beihu Park.
According to the current situation in the area, combined with the surrounding environment, build a 764.09 m long Maocaoying dam on the southern boundary of the mining area; preserve the lake surface in the deep water area of ​​the subsidence area, and trim its slope; the railway and the lake and the garbage accumulation area around the lake surface Clean up, clean up and use the stone to level, then cover the soil, plant trees for afforestation; the rest of the slopes are leveled, and then plant trees; greening, stone-laying and greening in the mine area; the roads in the area are trimmed and hardened.
2. Landscape restoration and restoration of unsteady areas. The east of the railway is still affected by the coal mining subsidence. There is an abandoned Yanshi Mountain in the northern half of the area. It is planned to carry out the research and reclaiming of the stone in the stable area of ​​the subsidence area, and use it as a construction land for the relocation of coal-removing villages or other construction project.
3. The mine is fully restored and restored. After the mine is closed, the landscape environmental treatment and ecological reconstruction are completed, and the outstanding problem of landscape damage caused by coal mining subsidence is solved, and its original ecological function is basically restored.
(III) Restoration design of closed mine landscape
1. Landscape design of the lake slope. The function of the dam is mainly to stop the dam in the coal mining subsidence area, to avoid the formation of internal sloping in the surrounding slope during the rainy season, and to ensure the safety of the residents and cultivated land in the thatched camp. The dam dam site is selected on the north side of the north greenhouse of the Maocaoying Village and the fish pond, the west is connected to the railway subgrade, and the east is to the east boundary of the subsidence basin. The elevation of the center of the dam is determined to be +26.00 m. The water surface is protected by a stone, and the back surface is planted with trees.
The open space outside the lake surface is backfilled and crushed with the stone, leveled to the same elevation, and then covered with soil and planted with trees. The thickness of the stone backfill is about 500-1000 mm, and the thickness of the soil is 500 mm.
For afforestation, the afforestation density is first designed for each strip of 25 m, the row spacing is 5 m, the plant spacing is 5 m, and then the other tree is replanted by interpolation.
The design uses mainly tree species with fast growth and high survival rate, including hedgehogs and torch trees. The area can be properly planted with lawns, and planting can be carried out by means of sowing and vegetation.
At the same time as the slope is rectified, a 1.5m wide walking path is trimmed along the outer edge of the lake for visitors to take a leisure walk.
2. Landscape design of the Shishi Mountain. The annual emission of coal in the Jinggezhuang Coal Mine is 26.0×10 4 t, and some of them are used for brick making and some are stacked in the open air. Greening and remediation of coal-grown stone piles piled up in the open air, according to the following landscape design.
Under normal circumstances, it is difficult to grow water directly and provide sufficient nutrients to grow plants directly on the stone. According to the physicochemical composition of the Jinggezhuang mine and the climatic characteristics of the north, according to the three-dimensional greening principle of combining Joe, irrigation and grass, the afforestation project of the guest soil is carried out on the Jingshizhuang mine. Over the years, Kailuan Mining Area has carried out a series of small-scale experiments on coal and stone mountain greening, which has achieved good experimental results and accumulated certain experience. Practice has proved that when the thickness of the greening soil of the Shishan Mountain is 300-500 mm, the trees and shrubs can grow normally.
Selection requirements for greening varieties: Tree species suitable for greening in Shishan should have strong resistance to stress, strong adaptability, drought resistance, cold resistance, heat resistance (heat in the mountain), resistance to thinness and meristem, roots, A variety of products that are strong in coverage and can be exposed to winter in the local area. The Jinggezhuang Mine is located in the northern part of Hebei Province and is cold in winter. The tree species selected for greening must meet the above requirements. The suitable greening trees tested include white peony, torch tree, apricot, hedgehog and four-season clove, amorpha and ground cover.
According to the experience of the reclamation of the Shishan Mountain forestry and the physical and natural conditions of the Jinggezhuang research and development, the greening tree species chose the torch tree and the artichoke which are easy to survive and have strong reproductive ability. In order to prevent landslides and soil erosion, amorpha is planted in the slope and grasses are planted at the bottom of the slope.
The principle of collocation of greening trees is: planting a torch tree in the middle of the karst mountain, planting a yam tree around it, planting amorpha in the slope, and weeding at the bottom of the slope (Fig. 4). The greening of the waste rock mountain is to use poplar trees and willow trees that are easy to survive and grow fast as the isolation belt.
3. Road landscape design. It is planned to renovate the road in the mining area, repair the narrow dyke between the lakes into a small lake road, and renovate and green the surrounding open space outside the lake.
In the east-west direction and other main roads, the road width should be trimmed according to 2.5~4.0 m, and the level should be filled with graded gravel. The height of backfill should be higher than the highest water level in the rainy season, not less than 1.0 m. Meet the standards for small motor vehicles (such as motorcycles) for recreation and walking. Other "small roads" (narrow levees between lakes) are built according to pedestrian roads or farmland production roads, with a width of 1.5 to 2.0 m. The pavement is treated with tamping.
3. Landscape reconstruction technology in mining areas
(1) Overall design of landscape reconstruction in mining areas
Due to the long-term underground mining activities, the Jinggezhuang Mine caused a large number of buildings (structures) to be destroyed and large areas of surface water to collapse, and during the planned economy period, a section of “first damage, then governance†was made. The regional geological environment and ecological environment have been severely damaged, posing a serious threat to the safety of people's lives and property.
The realization of landscape ecological reconstruction depends on landscape ecological planning and design. The essence of landscape ecological planning and design is to rationally arrange the landscape pattern in space to realize the sustainable use of the overall landscape. The coal seam thickness, groundwater level, topography and location of the subsidence area in the mining area have caused different collapse areas and collapse types. Different collapse types require different methods to design landscapes with different structures and functions. The reconstructed landscape ecosystem needs to maintain diversity to increase the complexity of the ecosystem and increase the stability of the structure and function of the entire ecosystem. In addition, attention should be paid to coordinating the symbiotic relationship within the ecosystem and between man and nature in the reconstruction of the landscape, so that the reconstructed ecosystem is coordinated, stable and sustainable.
Jinggezhuang Mine belongs to the high phreatic area, and each landscape type is combined into an organic whole. With the water accumulation area as the core, the village as the support, and the road as the link, a relatively stable landscape pattern has been formed: the village is distributed in the water surface of the deep water area. The township enterprises are located near the village. The fish ponds are distributed in the shallow water area. The farmland is distributed between the water surface and the village. The forest land and garden are located on the coal-rock mountain and abandoned land. The corridors (roads, ditches) will have various landscapes. The plaques are connected to form a more stable ecological network, serving the regional ecological environment and facilitating regional coordinated development.
(II) Various landscape reconstruction techniques in mining areas
Various landscape reconstruction techniques in the subsidence area mainly include landscape planning, landscape design and landscape construction. The specific planning, design and construction of each landscape type should be combined with the functional requirements of the coal mining subsidence area, highlighting the characteristics and integrating with the regional landscape.
1. Farmland landscape reconstruction technology
(1) Internal organization and coordination of farmland landscape. The land reclamation project of Jinggezhuang Mine is still limited to the layout of the project. It ignores the simplicity of the color of the farmland corridor and the local culture. It is difficult to increase the aesthetic value, cultural value and biodiversity of the farmland landscape. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the landscape structure according to the principle of diversity and heterogeneity, and coordinate the farmland patches and corridors.
Farmland plaque coordination: as much as possible intensive use, the size of the field is as large as possible; the shape of the plaque in the farmland is mainly rectangular and square, followed by the rectangular trapezoid and parallelogram; the position of the farm plaque is safe and stable; the orientation of the field should be favorable Crop lighting, mechanized operations, soil and water conservation, reduction of groundwater levels, wind protection and transportation.
Coordination of farmland corridors: In the current farmland landscape, natural corridors are basically not disturbed, following the law of natural selection. The number of artificial corridors should be reduced as much as possible; the width of corridors should be determined according to function and nature; the corridors should be linear; the roads should be dominated by sandstone and earthstone as far as possible to meet basic functional requirements; water-saving channels should be used for drainage channels. On the basis of satisfying the reduction of groundwater level and flood discharge function, the ditch bottom is constructed in a convex and concave manner, and a small amount of water is properly preserved, which is conducive to the survival of aquatic animals and plants; the shelter forest should use symbiotic or reciprocal tree species and grass species as much as possible; maintain a certain level of canopy closure Degree, forming a strong rural atmosphere.
(2) Coordination of external organization of farmland landscape. The farmland landscape is made up of interacting ecosystems, which are a whole, and the farmland is not an isolated, closed ecosystem. Land consolidation should manage farmland and external environment as a whole unit, achieving overall optimality and system stability without being demanding and limited to local optimization. The overall optimization of farmland ecosystem is reflected by the optimization of various production structures, which is the optimization of farmland landscape structure.
The farmland in the mining area should be coordinated with the surrounding farmland landscape, and the farmland shelterbelt should be connected with the surrounding shelterbelt system, especially the main forest belt, avoiding the formation of wind tunnels or isolation, and reducing the windproof effect; the water supply system should be coordinated, and the water resources and the connecting channels should be properly distributed. Network, to promote the sustainable use of regional resources; drainage system should be in accordance with the existing backbone ditch (tube) grid bureau, up and down to connect, set up trenches (tubes), to maintain regional production and life safety; roads are subject to production and living needs, backbone field roads It is connected with the peripheral roads to ensure smooth traffic between the residential areas and the fields.
(3) Construction technology for restoration of farmland landscape. The non-water-splitting subsidence area with little mining subsidence or small change of slope after mining subsidence adopts the method of direct leveling or natural recovery; the area with less water is solid waste such as coal grinding stone and fly ash. The material is filled and reclaimed; in the deeper areas of the water, the shallow foundation method is used to establish the pond-based farmland; the unstabilized subsidence area is pre-reclaimed.
The land reclamation in the mining area should use machinery with less damage to the soil structure, mainly including excavators, bulldozers, and towed scrapers. However, the retanning machine also has a negative effect in the process of use, the most common is the problem of reclaimed soil compaction. Therefore, corresponding measures must be taken to improve and fertilize the soil and improve the fertility of the reclaimed land.
2. Village reconstruction technology
Many rural settlements in China have unique natural geographical environment, style and cultural customs, forming villages with distinctive characteristics, tastes and images, which are also the basis for the sustainable development of new rural areas. How to fully consider and utilize the local natural landscape and human landscape to create a colorful and local landscape is a key issue in village reconstruction.
(1) Protection and planning of village features. The best way to reconstruct the landscape of the village is scientific planning, focusing on the advancement and operability of land reclamation planning and village planning. Reasonably arrange the village and town system, with the central village as the encouraged development zone, and the administrative village (the grassroots village) as the guiding or restricting development zone. In the reconstruction of the village, the village is considered in conjunction with other landscape types. First, the corridor is connected. The road is connected with the village road, the water system is connected, the shelter forest is connected, and the circulation and ecological security of materials and energy are guaranteed. Second, the boundary is connected and protected. While the village reserves space for development, it strives for border rules to facilitate farming and management; saves intensive use of land, adapts to local conditions, and gives full play to rural characteristics; pays attention to environmental protection and builds a harmonious new countryside.
(2) Building foundation construction technology. According to the research results at home and abroad, the vibration compaction method of the coal-researched stone backfilling and subsidence layer is the most effective method for rebuilding the village site in the subsidence area; the coal gangue after vibration rolling can improve the bearing capacity of the foundation.
Coal gangue has good compaction and is low-pressure solid. It is an ideal backfill material for foundation engineering in the reconstruction of villages in coal mine subsidence areas. According to the indoor load test, when the dry bulk density of coal gangue compaction reaches more than 95% of the maximum dry bulk density, the bearing capacity of the coal-bearing stone compacted foundation will reach 236 kPa or more, meeting the requirements of general civil construction foundation. Therefore, the coal-rock can be used to backfill the foundation of the village in the dynamic subsidence area, and the layered vibrating treatment can be used to meet the requirements of the construction land for the village.
3. Fish pond reconstruction technology
The mining area belongs to the high phreatic level of the urban-rural junction and the large-scale coal mining subsidence area. The three-dimensional culture should be carried out by using the differences in living habits of different aquatic organisms, such as: chain fish (upper layer) - grass carp (middle layer) - herring ( Lower layer), duck (upper layer)-fish (middle layer)-water grass (lower layer), duckweed (upper layer)-fish (middle layer)-é³– (lower layer) three-dimensional breeding mode; can also realize rice based on the symbiotic relationship between organisms - Aquaculture structures such as duck-fish, rice-duck-fish, forest-animal-fish, carp (and other marsh crops)-avian-fish. The fish pond slope should use natural slopes as much as possible to maintain natural harmony; the shape strives for rules, which is conducive to the utilization of surrounding land.
4. Forest land reconstruction technology
(1) Forest land selection and layout. The forest land should be arranged as much as possible in the coal gangue mountain in the mining area, as well as on the edge of the water area, fish pond dams and rivers, ditches,
On both sides of the road, as a revetment and road protection forest to maintain water and soil; in addition, after re-cultivation, areas with poor soil fertility are more conducive to the development of forestry planting, which can not only improve economic efficiency, but also adjust the farmland climate to form a different environment. landscape.
(2) Tree species planning techniques. . Tree species planning has always been an important part of the study on ecological restoration of abandoned land in mining areas. The advantages and disadvantages of tree species selection and planning are directly related to the success or failure of landscape reconstruction projects. The selection of plants for forest land reconstruction should firstly be based on native tree species, satisfying the most basic principles of forest cultivation, such as “appropriate suitable plants†or “suitable for treesâ€. Secondly, exotic plant varieties that have been introduced and domesticated for many years can be appropriately selected. Increase plant diversity and landscape diversity. In addition, the principle of soil and water conservation and rapid soil improvement should be adhered to in the selection of tree species.
(3) Anti-early planting technology of coal research stone mountain. The anti-early planting technology of Jinggezhuang Coal Mine Shishishan mainly includes seedling protection and water retention technology. The seedling protection and water retention measures should meet the requirements of increasing the water content of the seedlings at the time of planting, increasing the amount of roots at the time of planting, the amount of water absorbed after planting, reducing the amount of leaves at the time of planting, and the amount of transpiration after planting.
In the whole process of planting seedlings, we must do “five watersâ€, that is, watering before the seedlings are planted; water should be sprinkled when the seedlings are packaged and transported; water should be watered when the seedlings are planted; when the plants are planted, the seedlings should be drowned or soaked; Planting tree roots should be watered after planting. In addition, the broad-leaved trees with strong sprouting ability can be “cut-and-driedâ€. Because the stems of the seedlings are removed, the water transpiration can be greatly reduced, the dryness of the seedlings can be prevented, and the survival rate of afforestation can be improved. When evergreen conifers or large seedlings are planted, appropriate amount of pruning and cutting leaves can be carried out to reduce the area of ​​leaves and water and the amount of water transpiration. In the conditional mining area, when the forest is planted, the root immersion hormones of the seedlings will accelerate the rooting of the seedlings and shorten the survival time.
Water retention is to maintain the water around the roots of the trees by using a water-retaining agent to provide the plants with the necessary moisture for growth. The water-retaining agent is mainly used for seed coating, rooting, mud-rooting, soil application, etc. In addition, it can also be used to reduce the evaporation of water around the roots of trees and absorb natural precipitation to provide water for plant growth. The covered material can be mulch, straw, weed, stone, and the like.
Fourth, the conclusion
Mine closure and restoration of its ecological environment are the more difficult problems of sustainable development in China in recent years. It is related to the rise and fall of China's mines and mining cities in the future, and even related to the mining resources mining model and the management mechanism and development model of its special enterprises. Through the analysis of the evolution of the landscape pattern of the mining area, as well as the study of the interaction between coal mining and landscape change in the mining area, the laws of the closure and landscape environment changes in the mining area, as well as the design and requirements of the closure landscape restoration planning and the closure landscape restoration design are discussed. The overall design of the landscape reconstruction of the mine area is very meaningful for the sustainable development of the Jinggezhuang mining area. Practice has shown that the closure of the landscape reconstruction planning design is an important guarantee for the landscape safety pattern of the mining area.